Mega Byte

Any technological advancement comes over a price but admist fierce advancements and pressures to trim down time to market leaves so many loopholes which sooner or later come out and damage significantly before remedies are done. The world of web seems to be still plagued by it and its surprising to see that the smart brains are sitting on the other side of the bench. How is that possible? Proofs? What can be done to Mitigate the risks.

The Iframe Code Injection in WebServers: The deadliest of the crowd. There is a vulnerability being exploited on Linux hosted web servers. There is an iframe tag injected on one of the HTML pages. The Iframe has got “0″ co-ordinates and hence is hidden while invoking the browser and links to spamming site. There is no virus scanner in the world which would detect it as a virus which is the way it is supposed to be as it is indeed not a virus. On the other hand when any user at the client side invokes the same page, in the background it triggers the link which downloads malicious content without the content of the user. It is only when the trojan gets downloaded and starts infecting, the scanner detects and cleans it. Which merely cleans it temporarily and the same process continues in loop.

Mobile Bluetooth messaging: The design of stack of bluetooth has a loophole in the manner in which it is implemented at the protocol. The 3 way handshaking has got a flaw because of which when a user using the messaging function of the adapter sends a message to a cellphone user. There is no way the receiver will be able to find out the sender’s details.

The Players on the line of Ethics: Many security organizations in the world propagate viruses themselves and then offer solutions for their self created exploits. Not only viruses, it is common w.r.t. spam, malware, trojans, spyware and so on. Even if one has the proofs, there is no Central Organization (in the whole world), where in one could submit the proofs and complaints against the said vendors. A more very common problem is that they actually propagates viruses on the client machine in case the client does not extend subscription (This is very common problem seen in most of the vendors.

The Banks and Financial Institutions: The Banks and other Financial Institutions lose millions of dollars in terms of online frauds and scams but there is no news in the media. Reason being the end users will stop trusting the bank and most of the banks avoid leaking out the information absorbing the facts as well as the loss.

The Browser Wars: Most of the browsers have security implementations and underlying technologies which have loopholes. Although there is a standardized governing body (w3c.org), but its upto the vendors whether they conform or they don’t.

Syn Flooding..

Whenever a client is sending a ‘ Syn ‘ to the server, the server knows that someone wants to connect to him. It means the client who is trying to connect and is asking for permission to do so. The TCP IP stack has to send this client a ‘ Syn Ack ‘. For this purpose he needs to know a few things about the client like it’s IP address, port number, Sequence number of the ‘ Syn ‘, etc. To store this information, the TCP IP stack has to allocate some memory. When the TCP IP stack sends the client a ‘Syn Ack ‘, it blocks a connection for the client, and allocates some memory till he receives an ‘ Ack ‘ from the client. Until the server receives an ‘ Ack ‘ from the client, the connection is known as a ‘ half-open ‘ connection. Allocating memory or resources is an expensive process. The more the memory that the TCP IP stack allocates for half-open connections, the lesser the memory it has for executing other programs. Earlier on, the TCP IP stack would allocate only enough memory, to store 8 half-open connections.When the TCP IP stack received an ‘ Ack ‘ it would declare the connection to be no longer a half-open connection but a live connection. In other words this is now an open connection.

Assume that a TCP IP stack can have 8 half open connections. Suppose all the 8 half-open connections are occupied. When a 9th ‘ Syn ‘ packet arrives, the TCP IP stack would not be able to accommodate it. And therefore this 9th ‘ Syn ‘ packet would be rejected. No one else would now be able to connect to that machine. Obviously the stack is not like us, the kind of people who patiently wait for hours at length for the next bus to arrive. If an ‘ Ack’ from the client does not arrive within a specified period of time, the TCP IP stack terminates this half-open connection.

We could write a program, that will keep on sending a forty byte header with the ‘ Syn ‘ flag on. Thus, we would be sending only the ‘ Syn ‘ packets without sending any ‘ Ack ‘ packets. We would thus occupy all the eight half-open connections that were available on that TCP IP stack. We also know that the TCP IP stack sets a predefined timer after which it will terminate each of our half-open connections. Let’s assume that we know that the timer is set to sixty seconds. Since we know that our half-open connection will be terminated after 60 seconds, will it not be possible for us to keep sending ‘ Syn ‘ packets every sixty seconds so that all the half-open connections are always occupied by our ‘ Syn ‘ packets. This method, used to prevent other clients from connecting to a server is known as ‘ Syn Flooding ‘.

Now some genius tried to design a method to prevent these syn floodings. He created a method known as the ‘ fire wall ‘, by which, he claimed that syn flooding could be prevented. This method works on a very simple principle. The TCP IP stack never checks the IP address of clients, while accepting or rejecting connections. Since it is possible for the TCP IP stack to know the address of every client connecting to it, you just check the client who keeps giving ‘ Syn’s ‘ and not responding with the ‘ Ack ‘. The ‘ fire wall ‘ is a computer which checks the IP addresses of incoming clients. The person who designed the fire wall, merely placed it in front of the TCP IP stack. The ‘ fire wall ‘ is then given the IP address of that client and whenever that client tries to connect to the server it would promptly drop the packet. But if the client keeps changing the Source IP address randomly – as the IP address can go upto 4 billion – the ‘ Syn Acks ‘ would go to the wrong machine. Thus by sending different and wrong IP addresses, one can easily bypass the fire wall. Hence, at present, there is no solution for ‘ Syn flooding ‘.

Land Attack..

The name though it sounds as if there is a war going on, but it is not so. Land attack is just a name given to a method designed by Mr. Land to give some more headache to the servers. He simply passes both the source and destination IP address, with the same address as that of the server. In this case the server is sending itself a ‘ Syn Ack ‘. When the poor guy tries to send a ‘ Ack ‘ to himself for a ‘ Syn ‘ which he has not sent, he invariably hangs.

Reliability..

Now the Internet Protocol in itself is unreliable. This is because there is nothing in IP which tells us whether the packet you have sent has reached or not. There is no mechanism in IP which will tell you whether the packet has reached the destination safely and in order. It does not mean that IP does not send the packets across correctly, it is just that there is no guarantee that the packet will reach. Let’s take the example of the Postal Service in India. Suppose you want to send a letter to Tiruvananthapuram by ordinary mail. Now it is not that the mail is always lost, the Postal Department does sometime deliver the letter but there is no guarantee that it will reach the place. It may reach Tiruvananthapuram but then again it may not reach on time. It is also possible that if you send two letters one after another, the second letter may reach first. There is no way in which the Postal Department will come back to you and say that the mail has not reached, or that it has reached late or that the second letter has reached first. So also is the case with the IP Protocol. There is no way by which it comes back and tells you that the packet you had sent has reached or not.

Because of this we can never be comfortable with only the IP protocols. If we want to make additions to the rules of the IP protocol in such a way that IP would come back and inform us whether the packet has reached or not, it will make the IP protocol very complex.

Now the IP protocol deals exclusively with the routers. It’s IP’s job is to make sure your packet goes from one end to the other in the shortest possible time. IP is the one who informs the router about the location of it’s destination, it’s source and other such details. The IP protocols primary concern is speed. It has to try and get to the destination as fast as possible and it cares about nothing else. The IP protocol has sacrificed reliability for speed and it shows. So why not allow it to do the job it knows best ? i.e. routing.

If the Internet was to rely exclusively on IP, the result would be absolutely chaotic. It was to combat this problem of unreliability, that the TCP protocol was established. The TCP protocol is the exact opposite of the IP protocol. It’s primary concern is reliability. It is the TCP protocol that takes care of checksums and sequencing. To send a packet on the net it is possible that your packet may be broken into two or more packets – depending on the size of your packet. Now each packet may reach the destination port at different times and in different order. Is it not necessary that the packets are received in the order they are sent ? Otherwise the packet may reach the party in a haphazard manner, whereby the message transmitted is completely illogical and garbled. It is the job of the TCP Protocol to make sure that every packet reaches the destination and is put together in the correct order.

Sequencing…

Let us now see how we can send data across from a client to a server. When data is sent across to the server, the ‘ Sequence number ‘ and ‘ Acknowledgment number ‘ are very important. The client informs the server about it’s ‘ Sequence number ‘. This number has been generated randomly by the TCP IP stack. Our TCP IP stack will start numbering the data to be sent across to the server from this number. We can explain the concept of a ‘ Sequence number ‘ and an ‘ Acknowledgment number ‘ in a better manner with the help of the following example. Suppose we are sending the data which is shown below.

A B C D E F G H I J K L
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Let’s assume that we have agreed with the server on the ‘ Sequence number ‘ 2. Therefore, our data has been numbered from 2 onwards. Assume we are sending 3 bytes of data at a time along with the TCP IP header. Thus, the server will receive a packet of 43 bytes. In this packet, the number in the ‘ Acknowledgement field ‘ has no meaning.

IP header

20 bytes

TCP header

20 bytes

ABC 3 bytes

The minute the server receives the packet he responds with an ‘ Ack ‘. This ‘ Ack ‘ is of 40 bytes and has it’s ‘ Ack ‘ flag on. When the ‘ Ack ‘ flag is on it means that now the ‘ Acknowledgment field ‘ is valid.

The server looks at the size of the packet and finds out that we have sent him three bytes of data. He knows that we have sent him data bytes A, B and C which are numbered as 2, 3 and 4. He will take the last byte number i.e. 4 and add 1 to it, to obtain the number 5. The server will place this number as the ‘ Acknowledgment number ‘ in the ‘ Ack ‘ he sends us to inform us that he has received our packet.

When we receive the server’s ‘ Ack ‘, we look at his ‘ Acknowledgment number ‘ which is 5. We now know that we have to start sending data from byte number 5 onwards. So we place 5 as the ‘ Sequence number ‘ of the next packet we are going to send him. Along with this packet, we send three more bytes of data to the server. As our ‘ Sequence number ‘ is now 5 the server will now receive D, E and F which are numbered as 5, 6 and 7, as it’s next packet. The server will take the last byte number of this packet, i.e. 7 add 1 to it and respond with an ‘ Acknowledgment number ‘ 8. On receiving this ‘ Ack ‘ packet sent by the server, we now know that we have to send data bytes from 8 onwards. If we do not receive an ‘ Ack ‘ for any packet we sent, we have to retransmit that packet after a certain amount of time.

It is a fact, that the server is wasting time by responding with forty bytes of ‘ Ack ‘ every time we send a packet of three bytes. Instead of the server sending us an ‘ Ack ‘ for every packet it received, it may decide to send us an ‘ Ack ‘ after receiving two packets. We are now sending the server two packets one after another, before it responds back with a ‘ Ack ‘. Looking at our above example, the server may send us an ‘ Ack ‘ with the Acknowledgement number 8 instead of 5 the first time. This means that the server has received the bytes numbered 2 to 7 and wants us to send him the next packet from the 8th byte onwards. This is to shows that ‘ Acks ‘ can be bunched together.

It is possible that when we send two packets one after another, the second packet may reach first. But, since our data has been sequentially numbered, the server will arrange our data in the correct order.

TCP is a decent protocol. It is not ill-behaved, unlike other protocols which we shall talk about later. The moment the client receives an ‘ Ack ‘ it means that the server has received a packet and responded with an ‘ Ack ‘ . We – the client – have to first calculate the total round time i.e. the time from the moment we send a packet to the time we receive an ‘Ack’ from the server. Suppose we send a packet to the server and we receive an ‘ Ack ‘, 1 second later. We now know that the transmission time, one way, is 1/2 a second. After we keep sending packets for 15 minutes, at intervals of 1 second, we may suddenly realise that the server is now responding with the ‘ Ack ‘ every 2 seconds. This shows that there is now congestion on the line. So if we receive an ‘ Ack ‘ late, we also would be sending our packets late.

Let’s assume another case where we are sending a packet to the server. We can’t wait indefinitely for the server to respond with an ‘ Ack ‘. This may be due to the reason that our packet has not reached the server. It may also be due to the reason that the server may have sent an ‘ Ack ‘ but the ‘ Ack ‘ did not reach us.

Because of this we have to set a retransmission timer which will inform us that it is time to retransmit a packet. It is possible that we may set the retransmission time too high and we may receive the ‘ Acks ‘ at a faster rate. For example, suppose we set our retransmission time to be 5 seconds and the server responds with an ‘ Ack ‘ within 2 seconds. Then we are wasting 3 seconds needlessly. Hence we have to dynamically reset our timer to 2 seconds.

If we set the timer for a short retransmission time, it is possible that we may receive an ‘ Ack ‘ after we have retransmitted the packet. For example, if we set our retransmission time to 1 seconds and the server responds with an ‘ Ack ‘ after 2 seconds. Then we are retransmitting the first packet without waiting for a reasonable time for the ‘ Ack ‘ to reach us. Hence we have to reset our timer to 2 seconds. Even if the server received our duplicate packet it is intelligent enough to drop it.

If this was the way the TCP worked, then it would make the whole process of transmission too slow and be more of a liability than an asset to the network. Slow, because the server would have to wait for an ‘ Ack ‘ from the client every time it sent some packets. To guard against the slowness of the protocol there is something in TCP known as the window size – which incidentally we had said would be explain later. Well, the time has come when we feel that you should know what a window size means. So let’s now learn about the ‘ window size ‘.

Let us talk about a case where we are receiving data from a server. The server sets a limit to the number of bytes of data it can send us, without receiving an ‘ Ack ‘ from us. This maximum limit is known as the window size. It is not a constant figure, but may vary due to a number of factors like congestion, etc.

Suppose the window size of the packet coming to us from the server is specified as ‘ 4 , 0 ‘. The server will keep sending us data up to, 4 * 256 + 0 * 1, i.e.1024 bytes before it demands we send it an ‘ Ack ‘. The sever knows that he can keeping sending us data, he will not send us the 1025th byte until we send him an ‘ Ack ‘. This increases the rate of flow of data.

The Analysis:

1. We the customers have no choice except shelling out money on trying to protect ourselves. Still continue to use and keep upgrading irrespective of the price.

2. Our machines resources are ruled by the so called scanners claiming it to protect us. At the same time absorb the maximum machine resources right from memory/processing power/network bandwidth and so on.

3. In today’s world which is supposed to be an IT world is being ruled by Microsoft on one place and the security players on the other. The customers pay for their most expensive services and still their resources are not in their own control as heavily depend on the mercy of the said service providers/vendors.

The Future: Sooner or later the world will migrate to smarter vendors and will be lot more informed about invasive policies/practices of the vendors. they will be lot more proactive and better placed to take informed decisions

I am a music composer and producer that aims to provide high quality audio content across a wide spectrum of media platforms, including (but not limited to); video games, backing tracks and instrumentals for singer/songwriters, sound design, soundtracks and jingles for film and TV, radiophonic productions for radio and electro-acoustic compositions. Formal education in the disciplines include a Batchelor of Science degree in ElectroAcoustic Music (Sonic Art). As a performer, I am a highly flexible keyboard player able to play in a variety of styles and utilize many keyboard based instruments adapting my technique to efficient including Piano, Harmonium, Harpischord and Melodica. Self-taught, with a gift for improvisation and playing by ear, I can quickly pick up parts for imitation as well as compose memorable themes and motifs at the drop of a hat. Music theory is strong as is an understanding of the theory surrounding the audio/visual relationship. Combination of these practical and academic skills allows my work to provide your media productions with a unique and special sonic dimension. For Video Games I specialise in thematic orchestral arrangements that are lush in colour and deep in emotional impact. Backing tracks and instrumentals for singers are composed to fit within the electronica criteria; genres such as electro, breakbeat, hip-hop, dance, trance, house and chillout are all professionally represented. Soundtracks for film and TV and other media platforms can be specially designed, composed and produced to satisfy your production requirements, amalgamating the above styles for a truly original presentation. For Radio, I can write dramatic radio stories utilizing inspired sound design to transport the listener into fantasy worlds and short jingles and idents. Electro-Acoustic Composition academic acousmatic music can be composed on commission for your media exhibitions and installations. Rates for my work are subject to negotiation, depending on the client’s budget and specifications. I consider all proposals. My compositions typically utilize electronic sounds and digital systems for their production, usually arranged and sequenced via computer. My setup consists of a PC running packages Sonar Producer Edition, Cubase and FruityLoops, driving various synthesizers, including an expanded Roland XP-30, Kawai MP4 stage piano and a Roland DJ-70. When it comes to Foley, field and voice over recording I am covered with a selection of microphones and a high quality audio recorder so that capturing original sounds would never be out of reach.

I am a music composer and producer that aims to provide high quality audio content across a wide spectrum of media platforms, including (but not limited to); video games, backing tracks and instrumentals for singer/songwriters, sound design, soundtracks and jingles for film and TV, radiophonic productions for radio and electro-acoustic compositions. Formal education in the disciplines include a Batchelor of Science degree in ElectroAcoustic Music (Sonic Art).

As a performer, I am a highly flexible keyboard player able to play in a variety of styles and utilize many keyboard based instruments adapting my technique to efficient including Piano, Harmonium, Harpischord and Melodica. Self-taught, with a gift for improvisation and playing by ear, I can quickly pick up parts for imitation as well as compose memorable themes and motifs at the drop of a hat. Music theory is strong as is an understanding of the theory surrounding the audio/visual relationship. Combination of these practical and academic skills allows my work to provide your media productions with a unique and special sonic dimension.

For Video Games I specialise in thematic orchestral arrangements that are lush in colour and deep in emotional impact.

Backing tracks and instrumentals for singers are composed to fit within the electronica criteria; genres such as electro, breakbeat, hip-hop, dance, trance, house and chillout are all professionally represented.

Soundtracks for film and TV and other media platforms can be specially designed, composed and produced to satisfy your production requirements, amalgamating the above styles for a truly original presentation.

For Radio, I can write dramatic radio stories utilizing inspired sound design to transport the listener into fantasy worlds and short jingles and idents.

Electro-Acoustic Composition academic acousmatic music can be composed on commission for your media exhibitions and installations.

Rates for my work are subject to negotiation, depending on the client’s budget and specifications. I consider all proposals.

As a digital composer my compositions typically utilize electronic sounds and digital systems for their production, usually arranged and sequenced via computer. My setup consists of a PC running packages Sonar Producer Edition, Cubase and FruityLoops, driving various synthesizers, including an expanded Roland XP-30, Kawai MP4 stage piano and a Roland DJ-70.

When it comes to Foley, field and voice over recording I am covered with a selection of microphones and a high quality audio recorder so that capturing original sounds would never be out of reach.

Ohio has it all, top-notch museums, the highest and fastest roller coasters in the world, the best hands-on science museums in the country and major league sports. So take a look around and discover just how much fun Ohio can be.

If you are gay and live in Columbus then a good venue for dancing and meeting people is the Axis Nightclub, a techno dance club and one of the oldest on the gay scene. The atmosphere in the club is hot, especially after midnight on Friday and Saturday nights when they have trance and rave music until the early hours of the morning, whilst Wednesdays is International Dance Music. On the other nights there’s a diverse mix of underground and dance music. The club is packed nearly every night and people come mainly to dance, dance, and dance some more.

Downtown in Columbus is Static Nightlife, set to revolutionize the downtown scene. Recently refurbished and modernized the club is increasingly popular. With more than 10000 sq. feet to play around with it has 5 bars, a massive stage and a select VIP area with views of the dance floor and stage.

Cincinnati is a city that has seen recent growth into a vibrant business center. Centered around the magnificent river it has a busy riverfront area with shopping and lots of bars and restaurants. Take a walk through the grounds of the Bicentennial Commons, see a Bengals game at Paul Brown Stadium, or the Reds at the Great American Ball Park.

Once you’ve seen the sights get yourself dressed up for a night on the town. Cincinnati has a good range of nightlife too, from vibrant dance clubs, sophisticated lounge bars and smoky Irish bars to 80’s dance clubs, techno clubs and hip hop, you’re sure to discover it here.

The Blue Wisp features live music every night. This jazz club has a 16-piece house big band that plays every Wednesday night and a mix of vocalists, quartets and other jazz masters on other nights of the week. The downstairs bar is the ideal start to a fun night on the town.

For quality live music acts then try Bogart’s on Vine. This venue has been a component of the Cincinnati music scene since the 70′s, and past performers have included Toadies, Relient K, TV on the Radio, Tegan and Sara, X, Agnostic Front, and Brand New.

One of the best known dance clubs in Cleveland is the Velvet Dog. With a funky interior and wild décor there are 2 dance floors, another floor offering a quieter more intimate feel and the rooftop, a jungle-themed terrace with fantastic views of the city. The music played here is retro, so be sure to get up on the dance floor and strut your stuff.

The Barking Spider Tavern has live music late in the evenings and is popular with university students and young professionals. Established for more than 10 years, its acoustic sessions are legendary. They also have songwriters’ night and a mix of rock, pop, blues and folk music.

If you have just moved to the state of Ohio and are looking for a date but don’t want to go out clubbing alone or visit the bars by yourself, then a good way to meet other singles in Ohio, Columbus, Cincinnati and Cleveland is to register with a couple of dating sites. Free chat rooms in Ohio can help you find lots of potential partners and set up a date. Many people find their dates online today mainly due to busy work schedules and the ease and simplicity with which you can meet people online.

Online dating websites provide higher possibilities of meeting singles in Ohio with similar objectives in mind. Free dating websites allow you the leisure to find other single people at your own speed and make sure their profile matches up to your wants. Only after you are happy with all the details do you then try and build a relationship with this person and that is a very simple process, just send an email. Singles chat rooms and a free dating agency are ideal for socializing and interesting conversation with any amount of singles and soon you’ll find yourself with lots of new friends and lots of hot dates.

One of the most recent innovations to musical genre occurred in the 60′s with the birth of the first electronic keyboard. Electric organs were the first to appear and become widely used (Voxes, Hammonds, Farsifas), electrically amplified pianos soon followed (Wurlitzer, Fender Rhodes, Clavinet) and, of course, the Mellotron, which was a kind of a pioneer sampling device, most famously used by The Beatles (in the “Strawberry Fields Forever” intro), King Crimson, and The Moody Blues. Although the electronically produced sound was very distinct in some of the songs, it still wasn’t true Electronica – the inclusion of acoustic and/or electric guitars, bass guitar and live drumming, etc. were dominant in the song’s sound, thus classifying it as Electro-Acoustic music.

One pioneer of early Electronic (and Electro-Acoustic) music was Jean-Michel Jarre. In 1968, Jarre joined the GRM Music Research Group in Paris, and began experimenting with Electro-Classical music (also sometimes considered to be in the New Age category with similar artists like Enya). In 1971, he composed a ballet, which was played in Opera De Paris. This marked the first time that Electro-Acoustic music was played publicly. After releasing another successful album, and composing a film score, Jarre made a record-breaking performance in Paris. It was a spectacular show, attended by a crowd of 1,000,000 viewers, and he used this opportunity to show off with a brilliant combination of lasers, fireworks, projectors and huge sound systems — elements which later became infused into Raves, Synthpop concerts and the House music subculture.

In 1964, Robert Moog presented one of the first analogue synths on the market – the Moog Synth. This innovation made the technology more affordable and widely available to the masses, who, in the late 70′s and early 80′s, swept the analogue synthesizer into the birth of a new sound in music – Electronica.

Electronica is defined as music created using electronic instruments (synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, etc…) and remains dominated by that electronic sound. It can be further characterized by its emphasis on melodic and harmonic structure, and also on its catchy, danceable rhythms and bass lines. Some Electronica enthusiasts find it difficult to distinguish between what is considered Synthpop, Techno, House, Acid Jazz / Fusion, Trance, Drum and Bass, Jungle, Industrial, Dance, etc… Everyone makes their own distinctions, based on factors like: “seriousness” or “deepness” of lyrical content, presence (or lack) of lyrical content, lyrics vs. samples vs. purely instrumental, presence (or lack) of melodic content, types of sounds/timbres within the music, and with what sort of image the artists present themselves.

Artists representative of Synthpop (often also referred to as “New Wave” – indicative of the changing style of British music in the early 80′s) include: The Human League, Depeche Mode, Eurythmics, Pet Shop Boys, Alphaville, Erasure, and Duran Duran, among many others. Synthpop’s style usually encompasses a strong lyrical and melodic / harmonic bent – the focus often falls on the singer and the image he/she presents for the band, as well as the mood / content of the lyrics, which is usually light in tone and not often very deep, although it can be highly emotional and serious, even dark and political at times.

Techno is typically founded in purely instrumental music, sometimes involving spoken word samples drawn from a variety of sources: film, television, radio, and even other artists’ works. Generally it is driven by its beat, although melodic and harmonic lines still figure heavily in its definition. Artists such as 808 State, Fluke, Orbital, Crystal Method, and Chemical Brothers, typically fall under the Techno category. Additionally, Synthpop and Techno are thought to be largely European innovations, blooming from their roots in one of the first all-electronic bands – Germany’s Kraftwerk – and developing simultaneously with the early vestiges of Hip-Hop and Rap in America under the guidance of artists such as Parliament Funkadelic, Inner City, and Grandmaster Flash.

From the fusion of Hip-Hop and Rap with European Techno comes American House music. House is based largely on the 70′s “spirit of community” and so, draws also from the influences of 70′s Rock and Disco, as well as a touch of Jazz and Rhythm & Blues which can be found in its heavy reliance on piano chords. For this reason, Fusion and Acid Jazz (with additional saxophone melodies) are often categorized as sub-genres of House. Some famous House artists include: Towa Tei, Dee-Lite, and The Chemical Brothers.

Again, there are often many groups which cross-over and fuse the boundaries of one or more genres of Electronica, such as The Chemical Brothers who, on their latest album, represent a mixture of House and Techno, and who previously represented a combination of Trance and Drum and Bass. The Prodigy are an example of a cross between Drum and Bass and Techno with a little bit of Jungle influence in their earlier works.

Are you getting ready to enjoy your holidays? If you have decided to spend your holidays with your friends or family, then it’s a great idea to give them something special. It doesn’t matter to have some occasion for this. There are many items comes in the category of gifts but the latest gadgets always be a first choice of buying something special for your loved one.

It may difficult for you to select one gadget out of many new gadgets available in the market. I hope that the tips for buying latest gadgets can be helpful to you. If you have a specific budget in your mind, then a special occasion like Christmas is a great time to find awesome gadgets or just search on the internet by typing phrases like, gadgets news etc. The gadgets come in the category of electronics as the technology growing fast and everyday a new model coming out, and prices are dropping. The price of a digital camera you buy today that might not be such a great price after few months. You can also go on non-electronic categories, which includes gifts like clothes, DVDs and CDs, decorations etc., but most of the people prefer to buy electronic gadgets.

The second tip is that if you have heard any time from your family or friend that he/she likes to have something, then it will be the thing that you can purchase for him/her as a gift. If you go for shopping a gift in stores and you see some new gadgets, which look like a unique piece, then don’t wait to buy. If you still think what to buy, then the category of wall items are always be best. In addition, it can cost lower than the gadgets. Gadgets can be both functional and fun and can save the owner time and effort. You will so many sites selling gadgets online.

http://www.varologic.com/blog/

Convert to LVM for the rootvg on local drive

Check the current setup

[root@lab1 ~]# df -h

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1      18G  2.9G   14G  18% /

tmpfs                1005M     0 1005M   0% /dev/shm

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/cciss/c0d0

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2            2351        3394     8385930   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Remove the current swap space to make room for a temporary root partition

[root@lab1 ~]# swapoff -a -v

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-4): 2

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

Make sure to leave enough room, so that you can create /boot partition on slice 1, since /boot can not be under LVM support.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 3

First cylinder (2351-8920, default 2351): 2371

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2371-8920, default 8920): 4721

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

Create a filesystem on the new slice, and copy the contents of slice 1 over.

[root@lab1 ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/cciss/c0d0p3

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

2361760 inodes, 4721101 blocks

236055 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

145 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

16288 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@lab1 ~]# mount -t ext3 /dev/cciss/c0d0p3 /mnt

[root@lab1 ~]# cd /

[root@lab1 /]# find / -xdev|cpio -pvmd /mnt

Make the new partition bootable.

[root@lab1 /]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3            2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 3

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1               1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 /]# partprobe

Edit the /mnt/etc/fstab file to point to the new partition.

[root@lab1 /]# vi /mnt/etc/fstab

[root@lab1 /]# cat /mnt/etc/fstab

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3    /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

[root@lab1 /]#

Edit the /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf and /boot/grub/grub.conf file to point to the new partition also.

[root@lab1 /]# vi /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@lab1 /]# cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf

# grub.conf generated by anaconda

#

# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file

# NOTICE:  You do not have a /boot partition.  This means that

#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.

#          root (hd0,0)

#          kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p1

#          initrd /boot/initrd-version.img

#boot=/dev/cciss/c0d0

default=0

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz

hiddenmenu

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-92.el5)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5 ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 pci=nommconf rhgb quiet

initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

[root@lab1 /]# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@lab1 /]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf

# grub.conf generated by anaconda

#

# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file

# NOTICE:  You do not have a /boot partition.  This means that

#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.

#          root (hd0,0)

#          kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p1

#          initrd /boot/initrd-version.img

#boot=/dev/cciss/c0d0

default=0

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz

hiddenmenu

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-92.el5)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5 ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 pci=nommconf rhgb quiet

initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

Reboot the server, and it should come up on the new partition.

[root@lab1 ~]# df -k

Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3     18587892   2984316  14659356  17% /

tmpfs                  1029044         0   1029044   0% /dev/shm

Remove slice 1 and create a /boot partition on slice 1, and the new root partition on slice 2.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1               1        2350    18876343+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-8920, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-2370, default 2370): 20

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1               1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 2

First cylinder (21-8920, default 21): 21

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (21-2370, default 2370): 2370

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1               1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

10. Change the partition type of 2 to LVM (8e) and make the partition 1 bootable.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1               1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3   *        2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-4): 2

Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e

Changed system type of partition 2 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 3

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   8e  Linux LVM

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3            2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

11. tar the contents of the original /boot dir.

[root@lab1 /]# cd /boot

[root@lab1 boot]# tar -cvf /tmp/boot.tar *

config-2.6.18-92.el5

grub/

grub/stage2

grub/fat_stage1_5

grub/ufs2_stage1_5

grub/ffs_stage1_5

grub/menu.lst

grub/jfs_stage1_5

grub/splash.xpm.gz

grub/xfs_stage1_5

grub/reiserfs_stage1_5

grub/grub.conf

grub/stage1

grub/iso9660_stage1_5

grub/device.map

grub/e2fs_stage1_5

grub/minix_stage1_5

grub/vstafs_stage1_5

initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.orig

symvers-2.6.18-92.el5.gz

System.map-2.6.18-92.el5

vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5

12. Create a new filesystem on slice 1 , the new boot partition.

[root@lab1 /]# mke2fs -j/dev/cciss/c0d0p1

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

2361760 inodes, 4721101 blocks

236055 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

145 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

16288 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

13. Delete everything in the original /boot filesystem on the temporary partition.

[root@lab1 mnt]# cd /boot

[root@lab1 boot]# ls

config-2.6.18-92.el5  initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img       symvers-2.6.18-92.el5.gz  vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5

grub                  initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.orig  System.map-2.6.18-92.el5

[root@lab1 boot]# rm -f -r *

14. Mount slice 1 onto /boot and untar the contents.

[root@lab1 /]# mount -t ext3 /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 /boot

[root@lab1 /]# cd /boot

[root@lab1 boot]# tar -xvf /tmp/boot.tar

config-2.6.18-92.el5

grub/

grub/minix_stage1_5

grub/jfs_stage1_5

grub/device.map

grub/splash.xpm.gz

grub/fat_stage1_5

grub/e2fs_stage1_5

grub/ffs_stage1_5

grub/xfs_stage1_5

grub/ufs2_stage1_5

grub/iso9660_stage1_5

grub/vstafs_stage1_5

grub/stage1

grub/grub.conf

grub/reiserfs_stage1_5

grub/menu.lst

grub/stage2

initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.orig

symvers-2.6.18-92.el5.gz

System.map-2.6.18-92.el5

vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5

[root@lab1 boot]# pwd

/boot

[root@lab1 boot]# ls

config-2.6.18-92.el5  initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img       lost+found                   System.map-2.6.18-92.el5

grub                initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.orig  symvers-2.6.18-92.el5.gz  vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5

15. Change /etc/fstab to point to the new /boot partition.

[root@lab1 boot]# vi /etc/fstab

[root@lab1 boot]# cat /etc/fstab

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3    /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1    /boot                ext3   defaults      1 2

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

16. Recreate the intitrd image.

[root@lab1 ~]# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img `uname -r`

17. Create a new MBR for the new /boot partition.

[root@lab1 /]# grub-install /dev/cciss/c0d0

Installation finished. No error reported.

This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.

Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,

fix it and re-run the script `grub-install’.

# this device map was generated by anaconda

(hd0)     /dev/cciss/c0d0

18. Remove the /boot references in the /boot/grub/grub.conf file.

[root@lab1 ~]# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@lab1 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf

# grub.conf generated by anaconda

#

# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file

# NOTICE:  You do not have a /boot partition.  This means that

#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.

#          root (hd0,0)

#          kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p1

#          initrd /boot/initrd-version.img

#boot=/dev/cciss/c0d0

default=0

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz

hiddenmenu

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-92.el5)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5 ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 pci=nommconf rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

19. Reboot, and it will boot off the new /boot partition.

[root@lab1 ~]# df -k

Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3     18587892   2984528  14659144  17% /

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1       155543     15571    131942  11% /boot

tmpfs                  1029044         0   1029044   0% /dev/shm

20. Initialize the LVM

[root@lab1 /]# vgscan

Reading all physical volumes.  This may take a while…

Found volume group “uservg” using metadata type lvm2

21. Create a physical volume on partition 2 that was created earlier.

[root@lab1 /]# pvcreate /dev/cciss/c0d0p2

Physical volume “/dev/cciss/c0d0p2″ successfully created

22. Create the root volume group on the partition just created.

[root@lab1 /]# vgcreate rootvg /dev/cciss/c0d0p2

Volume group “rootvg” successfully created

23. Create a logical volume for the new root volume group.

[root@lab1 /]# lvcreate -n lv00 –size 18G rootvg

Logical volume “lv00″ created

24. Create a filesystem on the new logical volume.

[root@lab1 /]# mke2fs -j /dev/rootvg/lv00

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

2359296 inodes, 4718592 blocks

235929 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

144 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

16384 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

25. Mount the new filesystem and copy the root files over.

[root@lab1 /]# mount -t ext3 /dev/rootvg/lv00 /mnt

[root@lab1 /]# cd /

[root@lab1 /]# find / -xdev | cpio -pvmd /mnt

……..

/mnt/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0/libgnomeui

/mnt/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0/libgnomeui/gnome-ditem-edit.h

/mnt/usr/include/gnome-desktop-2.0/libgnomeui/gnome-hint.h

/mnt/usr/include/mpfr.h

/mnt/usr/include/ftw.h

/mnt/usr/include/spawn.h

/mnt/lost+found

5030570 blocks

[root@lab1 /]#

26. Recreate the initrd image.

[root@lab1 /]# mkinitrd –f /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img `uname –r`

27. Make sure the initrd image is configured for LVM.

[root@lab1 /]# cd /tmp

[root@lab1 tmp]# mkdir working-intitrd

[root@lab1 tmp]# cd working-intitrd

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# zcat /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img|cpio -i

17771 blocks

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# ls bin/lvm

bin/lvm

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# ls etc/lvm

lvm.conf

28. If the image does not LVM support it can be added this way.

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# cp -r /etc/lvm etc/

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/backup/rootvg’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/backup/uservg’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/archive/rootvg_00001.vg’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/archive/uservg_00000.vg’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/archive/rootvg_00000.vg’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/lvm.conf.default’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/cache/.cache’? y

cp: overwrite `etc/lvm/lvm.conf’? y

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# pwd

/tmp/working-intitrd

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# ls etc/lvm/

archive  backup  cache  lvm.conf  lvm.conf.default

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# pwd

/tmp/working-intitrd

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# find . -print | cpio -o -c |gzip -9 > /tmp/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

17817 blocks

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# cp /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.bak

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# ls -l /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.bak /tmp/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

-rw——- 1 root root 3713844 May 20 15:23 /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.bak

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 3716171 May 20 15:22 /tmp/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

[root@lab1 working-intitrd]# cp /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img.bak /boot/initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

29. Edit the /mnt/etc/fstab to reflect the new rootvg volume group

[root@lab1 /]# vi /mnt/etc/fstab

[root@lab1 /]# cat /mnt/etc/fstab

/dev/rootvg/lv00     /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1    /boot                ext3   defaults      1 2

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

30. Edit the /boot/grub/grub.conf to point to the new rootvg

[root@lab1 /]# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@lab1 /]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf

# grub.conf generated by anaconda

#

# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file

# NOTICE:  You do not have a /boot partition.  This means that

#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.

#          root (hd0,0)

#          kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/cciss/c0d0p1

#          initrd /boot/initrd-version.img

#boot=/dev/cciss/c0d0

default=0

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz

hiddenmenu

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-92.el5)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-92.el5 ro root=/dev/rootvg/lv00 pci=nommconf rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.18-92.el5.img

31. Run grub-install to recreate the MBR.

[root@lab1 /]# grub-install /dev/cciss/c0d0

Installation finished. No error reported.

This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.

Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,

fix it and re-run the script `grub-install’.

# this device map was generated by anaconda

(hd0)     /dev/cciss/c0d0

32. Reboot, and it should come up under LVM support.

[root@lab1 ~]# df -k

Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rootvg-lv00

18578172   2984604  14649852  17% /

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1       155543     19214    128299  14% /boot

tmpfs                  1029044         0   1029044   0% /dev/shm

33. Delete the temporary root partition 3.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   8e  Linux LVM

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3            2371        4721    18884407+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-4): 3

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

34. Create a swap partition.

[root@lab1 ~]# fdisk /dev/cciss/c0d0

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8920.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e   extended

p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 3

First cylinder (2371-8920, default 2371): 2371

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2371-8920, default 8920): +8192M

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   8e  Linux LVM

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3            2371        3367     8008402+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-4): 82

Value out of range.

Partition number (1-4): p

Partition number (1-4): 3

Hex code (type L to list codes): 82

Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 73.3 GB, 73372631040 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8920 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          20      160618+  83  Linux

/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              21        2370    18876375   8e  Linux LVM

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3            2371        3367     8008402+  82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the next reboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@lab1 ~]# partprobe

35. Create swap space on the partition.

[root@lab1 ~]# mkswap /dev/cciss/c0d0p3

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 8200597 kB

[root@lab1 ~]# vi /etc/fstab

[root@lab1 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

/dev/rootvg/lv00     /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1    /boot                ext3   defaults      1 2

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3    swap                 swap   defaults      0 0

[root@lab1 ~]# mount -a

[root@lab1 ~]# swapon -a

[root@lab1 ~]# swapon -s

Filename                          Type          Size   Used   Priority

/dev/cciss/c0d0p3                       partition      8008392       0      -1

35. Reboot and make sure everything comes up okay.

Nu skool vinyl records have a relatively small audience, being a sub-genre of a sub-genre, but this has in no way stopped their success. For one thing, the very fact that nu skool music has made it to vinyl may be a mark of its success. Perhaps that statement surprised you – after all, surely making it to vinyl is working backwards? Isn’t everyone now trying to make it to CD or make it to MP3? The answer is certainly not, because in the hottest clubs, the most popular dance venues and the biggest gigs it’s rarely MP3s you’ll see the DJ throwing about. How many top DJs do you know who’d shuffle up to their podium and plug their iPod in?

There are several good reasons why not only do DJs not use an iPod for their music playing, and choose vinyl instead, but why nu skool or breakbeat music should be pleased to be treated to the vinyl excursion. First and foremost, if you’re on vinyl, you’re being played by the DJs, given airtime in the nightclubs and receiving much wider exposure. But there’s more to it than that.

Let’s think about nu skool, which is largely a sub genre of breakbeat music, itself a breakaway from the traditional dance and techno tracks being played in the clubs. Breakbeat is all about breaking the step, breaking the rhythm up and using the drums and percussion to create a jolting, arrhythmic pace that makes you listen, rather than letting the music slide over you. It’s infectious, and extremely foot tapping. It’s no wonder that fans of break music are so keen on the style – it’s definitely the kind to make you want to get up and dance. Nu skool itself is very much of the breakbeat genre, but is rather darker in tone, with much heavier, darker bass lines and a heavier rhythm.

So it’s understandable to see why a sub-genre of a sub genre with dark, heavy overtones moving further away from the clubs should be pleased to see the vinyl world embracing it. What is it about vinyl which adds so much to music? The answer is, perhaps, in the very essence of what breakbeat music is all about – breaking the rhythm,  deliberately moving away from predictability, static rhythm, computerized, digitized perfection and immutability. It’s about real life – which is never perfect and far from predictable.

Vinyl has always had a place in music fans’ hearts because of the life and soul it brings to music. Without a real life performer sitting in front of you any musical performance lacks a little something – that spontaneity, the feeling that things might not always be exactly the same. With modern digitized forms of music such as MP3s and compact disks there is also a sense that the music has been sprayed with some sort of cleaning agent, wiped of anything less than perfection, all its individuality wiped clean so that it can stand bold and shining and exactly the same as every other piece of music.

Look at the binary ones and zeros of all the songs every recorded – and there’s nothing to tell them apart. Now look at vinyl records. From the feel of them, the smell of them, the grooves and ridges that reveal the changes in volume and tone, you can see the music, touch it, and hear the individuality of the recording every time you play it.

Of course, for DJs nu skool vinyl records add a great deal of flexibility, and as they often include lengthier track introductions and rhythm fadeouts they can allow for better mixes, more dynamic mixes and more creative mixing by the top DJs. Vinyl can allow for individual creative performances by DJs, with scratching, mixing and compositing all adding to the show. This just isn’t possible with compact disks or MP3s.

Oh, certainly the techno wizards will say that’s rubbish, and that you can mix, scratch and play around with your music digitally even more than with vinyl, but there’s a difference between clicking a button and having a computer create a fabricated distortion which is perfect and exact to at least twenty decimal places, and the feel of your hand on a gently grooved vinyl record as you push, pull, twist and spin the disk. You’re involved with the performance, a part of the show, and it is for this reason as much as any other that nu skool vinyl records have seen a growth in popularity and a more active and dynamic role within more mainstream clubs and dance venues.